Who owns human genes?: Is DNA patentable?
نویسنده
چکیده
Angelina Jolie’s recent disclosure that she had undergone a prophylactic double mastectomy following a positive test for a BRCA1 mutation (which increases lifetime breast cancer risk by 60%-87%) prompted a national conversation about genetic testing and preventive surgery.1 Tests for BRCA1 and BRCA2 cost more than $3000, placing them beyond the reach of many women. The high cost is partly a consequence of intellectual property protection afforded to Myriad Genetics Inc, which sequenced the genes and developed the testing capability. The Patent Act permits exclusive control for a limited time (currently 20 years) of any “process, machine, manufacture, or composition ofmatter.” Following a US Supreme Court ruling upholding the patentabilityof amicrobe thatdissolvesoil,2 theUSPatent and Trademark Office (USPTO) began routinely granting gene patents. On June 13, 2013, the US Supreme Court unanimously held that extracted and isolatedDNA is aproductof nature andnot eligible for patent, but that complementary DNA (cDNA), which is synthetic DNA created in the laboratory, is patentable because it is not naturally occurring.3
منابع مشابه
Human gene patents.
The concept of a patent on a human gene seems foreign to most people. Even those who understand the fundamentals of the patent system seem bewildered and confused by many issues relating to human genes. This article describes the scope and limitations of gene patents and the types of exemptions that have been proposed or allowed. It addresses and clarifies these and other issues, including the ...
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he United States Code provides that “a live human-made micro-organism is patentable,” and further provides for issuance of patents to persons who invent or discover new or useful “manufacture” or “composition of matter;” microorganisms constitute “composition of matter” or “manufacture” within meaning of the code. Thus, since the landmark 1980 Supreme Court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, thousand...
متن کاملSupreme Court Decision on Gene Patents
In a decision having implications for the healthcare, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries, on June 13, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a naturally occurring DNA sequence is not patentable simply because it has been isolated from surrounding genetic material. Assoc. for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. ___ (2013). The Court observed that Myriad’s claims to n...
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- JAMA
دوره 310 8 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2013